Amazon and UCLA announce fellowship recipients

The Amazon Fellows fulfill the Science Hub for Humanity and Artificial Intelligence's mission of researching the societal impact of artificial intelligence

The Science Hub for Humanity and Artificial Intelligence, launched in October 2021 to facilitate collaboration between academic researchers and Amazon scientists, today announced the second cohort of Amazon Fellows. The fellowships are aimed at graduate students pursuing research into artificial intelligence and its impact on society.

Related content
The UCLA Science Hub seeks to address challenges to humanity through research using artificial intelligence, bringing together academic and industry scientists.

The fellowships provide PhD students at UCLA Samueli School of Engineering with up to two quarters of funding during the academic year to pursue independent research projects. The Amazon Fellows study within the departments of computer science, electrical and computer engineering, bioengineering, and mechanical and aerospace engineering. In addition to project funding, they will be invited to apply to intern at Amazon.

Top row, left to right, Sanae Amani Geshnigani, Kewei Cheng, Zi-Yi Dou, Kai Fukami, and Luzhe Huang; second row, left to right, Alexander Johnson, Tung Nguyen, Alexander Schperberg, and Zhouxing Shi; and bottom row, left to right, Zhaoqiang Wang, Yu Yang, Da Yin, and Zhe Zeng. The UCLA logo is on the bottom right.
The Science Hub for Humanity and Artificial Intelligence's second cohort of Amazon Fellows are: top row, left to right, Sanae Amani Geshnigani, Kewei Cheng, Zi-Yi Dou, Kai Fukami, and Luzhe Huang; second row, left to right, Alexander Johnson, Tung Nguyen, Alexander Schperberg, and Zhouxing Shi; and bottom row, left to right, Zhaoqiang Wang, Yu Yang, Da Yin, and Zhe Zeng.

What follows is the list of fellows, their areas of research, and their UCLA faculty advisors:

Sanae Amani Geshnigani is pursuing a PhD in electrical and computer engineering; her advisor is Lin Yang, assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering.

“My research goal is to expand the applicability of bandit and reinforcement learning algorithms to new application domains: specifically, safety-critical and distributed physical systems, such as robotics, wireless networks, the power grid and medical trials.”

Kewei Cheng, is pursuing a PhD in computer science; her advisor is Yizhou Sun, professor of computer science.

“My research interests mainly focus on knowledge graph reasoning with a specific concentration on neural-symbolic reasoning, and more generally in machine learning and network science.”

Zi-Yi Dou is pursuing a PhD in computer science; his advisor is Nanyun Peng, assistant professor of computer science.

“My research has been centered around advancing the field of artificial intelligence with an aim of helping people around the globe by allowing computers to interact with them through natural language and help them accomplish tasks. State-of-the-art models still struggle with gathering information from diverse modalities and languages, and generalizing well to novel scenarios. To overcome these limitations, my current research goal is to build robust multimodal and multilingual AI models and comprehensively evaluate them along multiple dimensions and domains.”

Related content
Models that map spoken language to objects in an image would make it easier for customers to communicate with multimodal devices.

Kai Fukami is pursuing a PhD in mechanical and aerospace engineering; his advisor is Kunihiko Taira, professor, computer science.

“My academic interest belongs to fluid dynamics which is a discipline to study flows around us such as air and water. In particular, I am working on the design of artificial-intelligent techniques and machine-learning methods to understand and control turbulent flows from limited sensor measurements.”

Luzhe Huang is pursuing a PhD in electrical and computer engineering; his advisor is Aydogan Ozcan, Chancellor's Professor and the Volgenau Chair for Engineering Innovation.

“In the past decade, AI has revolutionized many fields, including robotics, computer vision, and natural language processing, and greatly improved our daily life. When it comes to microscopy imaging, despite some researches exploring the integration of AI and microscopy imaging, critical challenges remain for real-world applications and prevent the advance of AI to benefit a broad group of users in biology, pathology and medical science. I am fortunate to be studying on this frontier of human’s knowledge and develop technologies to conquer these challenges using my interdisciplinary knowledge in both AI and optics.”

Alexander Johnson, is pursuing a PhD in electrical and computer engineering; his advisor is Abeer Alwan, professor of electrical and computer engineering.

“My research focuses on improving speech technology performance for children’s speech and African American English (AAE) speech in order to provide more equitable outcomes in early education. Speech technologies perform well for certain demographics (ie. able-bodied, adult, first-language speakers of mainstream dialects). However, they perform much worse for underrepresented groups (eg. young children, speakers of non-mainstream dialects, people with speech-related disabilities, etc.). Child speakers of AAE often show poorer reading and oral language performance than their white counterparts as a result of the orthographic mismatch between their spoken dialect and mainstream American English (MAE) taught in their classrooms. ASR systems trained to recognize AAE could give these students additional teaching support and help bridge this performance gap. However, this is a difficult low-resource problem given the small number of publicly available, labeled datasets for AAE speech in comparison to those for MAE speech. Thus, novel methods for low-resource dialects are needed in order to bring ASR systems for AAE-speaking children to the level of current data-driven ASR approaches for MAE.”

Tung Nguyen is pursuing a PhD in computer science; his advisor is Aditya Grover, assistant professor of computer science.

“Deep learning has grown rapidly in both scale and generalizability over the past decade. However, the majority of the real-world advances are made in the field of vision or language, while sequential decision-making paradigms such as reinforcement learning (RL) have lagged behind and only showed limited successes for controlled domains such as games. Sequential decision making in the real world is more challenging, because 1) the inputs are high-dimensional with long-range spatiotemporal dependencies; 2) agents need to quantify uncertainty to balance exploration and exploitation; and 3) active online interactions with the environment can be very expensive or even infeasible in high-stakes applications. My research goal is to address these challenges, and thereby enable robust sequential decision making for real-world applications. I outline my past research and future plans below.”

Alexander Schperberg is pursuing a PhD in mechanical and aerospace engineering; his advisor is Dennis Hong, professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering.

Related content
Teaching robots to stow items presents a challenge so large it was previously considered impossible — until now.

“My goal is to facilitate the dream of one day seeing diverse sets of wheeled, aerial, legged, and underwater robots being used ubiquitously towards reducing the burdens of society. Robotics and AI technology have the enormous potential to support humanity by performing tasks too dangerous for human workers, or through human-robot interactions. Unfortunately, while the potential use of robotics is an exciting prospect, they are still not commonly used due to a justified concern for both their safety and cost. For example, to make robots safer typically demands high-fidelity sensor and computer components. Thus, these robots are very expensive and are still seen as a luxury item rather than a product for everyday use. More troubling is that those from economically challenged and/or underprivileged groups may not have access and potentially cannot reap the benefit from this technology. Ideally, creating new robots using off-the-shelve or inexpensive components would greatly expand the robotic field and rapidly benefit society for all.”

Zhouxing Shi is pursuing a PhD in computer science; his advisor is Cho-Jui Hsieh, associate professor of computer science.

“My research interest is trustworthy machine learning and responsible AI, and I am currently working on the formally verifiable robustness of machine learning models especially neural networks.”

Zhaoqiang Wang is pursuing a PhD in bioengineering; his advisor is Liang Gao, assistant professor of bioengineering.

“Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally, taking an estimated 17.9 million lives each year. In the United States, it is reported that approximately 82.6 million people currently live with at least one type of CVD, which contributes to a significant healthcare burden. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, researchers replicate the cardiac disease model in well-established genetic systems such as mouse and zebrafish. These model animals possess the essential common physiology as humans, but intelligent microscopy is critically necessary to reveal their heart morphology and dynamics.”

Yu Yang is pursuing a PhD in computer science; her advisor is Baharan Mirzasoleiman, assistant professor of computer science.

“My research contributes to the foundations of large-scale machine learning. Learning from massive datasets is financially and environmentally expensive. Moreover, large real-world data are usually biased toward large sub-populations, and often contain noisy or malicious examples that harm the generalization performance of the trained models. To address these problems, my research primarily focuses on understanding and improving the training data or learning objectives for resource-efficient and accountable learning.”

Da Yin is pursuing a PhD in computer science; his advisor is Kai-Wei Chang, associate professor computer science.

“I propose to utilize external knowledge to promote the effectiveness and inclusivity of neural models. Specifically, the framework of building models enhanced with external knowledge is usually separated into three important stages: 1) understanding what knowledge is not well learned by neural models; 2) acquiring knowledge necessary for specified domains; and 3) injecting knowledge to strengthen model’s capability.”

Zhe Zeng is pursuing a PhD in computer science; her advisor is Guy Van den Broeck, associate professor of computer science.

“How can we build artificial intelligence systems that are able to make efficient and re-liable inference under complex, noisy and highly structured real-world scenarios? One primary challenge to tackle this question is that probabilistic inference in such systems is, in general, computationally intractable. While current machine learning techniques heavily emphasize on scaling up probabilistic inference, they are at the cost of harming inference reliability. One promising direction is to combine probabilistic machine learning techniques and the formal verification techniques. My research interests primarily lie in bridging between AI and formal methods for such purposes.”

Related content

US, WA, Seattle
This role will contribute to developing the Economics and Science products and services in the Fee domain, with specialization in supply chain systems and fees. Through the lens of economics, you will develop causal links for how Amazon, Sellers and Customers interact. You will be a key and senior scientist, advising Amazon leaders how to price our services. You will work on developing frameworks and scalable, repeatable models supporting optimal pricing and policy in the two-sided marketplace that is central to Amazon's business. The pricing for Amazon services is complex. You will partner with science and technology teams across Amazon including Advertising, Supply Chain, Operations, Prime, Consumer Pricing, and Finance. We are looking for an experienced Economist to improve our understanding of seller Economics, enhance our ability to estimate the causal impact of fees, and work with partner teams to design pricing policy changes. In this role, you will provide guidance to scientists to develop econometric models to influence our fee pricing worldwide. You will lead the development of causal models to help isolate the impact of fee and policy changes from other business actions, using experiments when possible, or observational data when not. Key job responsibilities The ideal candidate will have extensive Economics knowledge, demonstrated strength in practical and policy relevant structural econometrics, strong collaboration skills, proven ability to lead highly ambiguous and large projects, and a drive to deliver results. They will work closely with Economists, Data / Applied Scientists, Strategy Analysts, Data Engineers, and Product leads to integrate economic insights into policy and systems production. Familiarity with systems and services that constitute seller supply chains is a plus but not required. About the team The Stores Economics and Sciences team is a central science team that supports Amazon's Retail and Supply Chain leadership. We tackle some of Amazon's most challenging economics and machine learning problems, where our mandate is to impact the business on massive scale.
US, WA, Bellevue
We are looking for detail-oriented, organized, and responsible individuals who are eager to learn how to apply their causal inference and/or structural econometrics skillsets to solve real world problems. The intern will work in the area of Economics Intelligence in Amazon Returns and Recommerce Technology and Innovation and develop new, data-driven solutions to support the most critical components of this rapidly scaling team. Our PhD Economist Internship Program offers hands-on experience in applied economics, supported by mentorship, structured feedback, and professional development. Interns work on real business and research problems, building skills that prepare them for full-time economist roles at Amazon and beyond. You will learn how to build data sets and perform applied econometric analysis collaborating with economists, scientists, and product managers. These skills will translate well into writing applied chapters in your dissertation and provide you with work experience that may help you with placement. These are full-time positions at 40 hours per week, with compensation being awarded on an hourly basis. About the team The WWRR Economics Intelligence (RREI) team brings together Economists, Data Scientists, and Business Intelligence Engineers experts to delivers economic solutions focused on forecasting, causality, attribution, customer behavior for returns, recommerce, and sustainability domains.
US, WA, Bellevue
We are looking for detail-oriented, organized, and responsible individuals who are eager to learn how to apply their causal inference and/or structural econometrics skillsets to solve real world problems. The intern will work in the area of Economics Intelligence in Amazon Returns and Recommerce Technology and Innovation and develop new, data-driven solutions to support the most critical components of this rapidly scaling team. Our PhD Economist Internship Program offers hands-on experience in applied economics, supported by mentorship, structured feedback, and professional development. Interns work on real business and research problems, building skills that prepare them for full-time economist roles at Amazon and beyond. You will learn how to build data sets and perform applied econometric analysis collaborating with economists, scientists, and product managers. These skills will translate well into writing applied chapters in your dissertation and provide you with work experience that may help you with placement. These are full-time positions at 40 hours per week, with compensation being awarded on an hourly basis. About the team The WWRR Economics Intelligence (RREI) team brings together Economists, Data Scientists, and Business Intelligence Engineers experts to delivers economic solutions focused on forecasting, causality, attribution, customer behavior for returns, recommerce, and sustainability domains.
US, WA, Seattle
Innovators wanted! Are you an entrepreneur? A builder? A dreamer? This role is part of an Amazon Special Projects team that takes the company’s Think Big leadership principle to the next level. We focus on creating entirely new products and services with a goal of positively impacting the lives of our customers. No industries or subject areas are out of bounds. If you’re interested in innovating at scale to address big challenges in the world, this is the team for you. As a Research Scientist, you will work with a unique and gifted team developing exciting products for consumers and collaborate with cross-functional teams. Our team rewards intellectual curiosity while maintaining a laser-focus in bringing products to market. Competitive candidates are responsive, flexible, and able to succeed within an open, collaborative, entrepreneurial, startup-like environment. At the intersection of both academic and applied research in this product area, you have the opportunity to work together with some of the most talented scientists, engineers, and product managers. Here at Amazon, we embrace our differences. We are committed to furthering our culture of inclusion. We have thirteen employee-led affinity groups, reaching 40,000 employees in over 190 chapters globally. We are constantly learning through programs that are local, regional, and global. Amazon’s culture of inclusion is reinforced within our 16 Leadership Principles, which remind team members to seek diverse perspectives, learn and be curious, and earn trust. Our team highly values work-life balance, mentorship and career growth. We believe striking the right balance between your personal and professional life is critical to life-long happiness and fulfillment. We care about your career growth and strive to assign projects and offer training that will challenge you to become your best.
US, WA, Seattle
Amazon has co-founded and signed The Climate Pledge, a commitment to reach net zero carbon by 2040. As a team, we leverage GenAI, sensors, smart home devices, cloud services, material science, and Alexa to build products that have a meaningful impact for customers and the climate. In alignment with this bold corporate goal, the Amazon Devices & Services organization is looking for a passionate, talented, and inventive Senior Applied Scientist to help build revolutionary products with potential for major societal impact. Great candidates for this position will have expertise in the areas of agentic AI applications, deep learning, time series analysis, LLMs, and multimodal systems. This includes experience designing autonomous AI agents that can reason, plan, and execute multi-step tasks, building tool-augmented LLM systems with access to external APIs and data sources, implementing multi-agent orchestration, and developing RAG architectures that combine LLMs with domain-specific knowledge bases. You will strive for simplicity and creativity, demonstrating high judgment backed by statistical proof. Key job responsibilities As a Senior Applied Scientist on the Energy Science team, you'll design and deploy agentic AI systems that autonomously analyze data, plan solutions, and execute recommendations. You'll build multi-agent architectures where specialized AI agents coordinate to solve complex optimization problems, and develop tool-augmented LLM applications that integrate with external data sources and APIs to deliver context-aware insights. Your work involves creating multimodal AI systems that synthesize diverse data streams, while implementing RAG pipelines that ground large language models in domain-specific knowledge bases. You'll apply advanced machine learning and deep learning techniques to time series analysis, forecasting, and pattern recognition. Beyond technical innovation, you'll drive end-to-end product development from research through production deployment, collaborating with cross-functional teams to translate AI capabilities into customer experiences. You'll establish rigorous experimentation frameworks to validate model performance and measure business impact, building AI-driven products with potential for major societal impact.
US, CA, San Francisco
Amazon launched the AGI Lab to develop foundational capabilities for useful AI agents. We built Nova Act - a new AI model trained to perform actions within a web browser. The team builds AI/ML infrastructure that powers our production systems to run performantly at high scale. We’re also enabling practical AI to make our customers more productive, empowered, and fulfilled. In particular, our work combines large language models (LLMs) with reinforcement learning (RL) to solve reasoning, planning, and world modeling in both virtual and physical environments. Our lab is a small, talent-dense team with the resources and scale of Amazon. Each team in the lab has the autonomy to move fast and the long-term commitment to pursue high-risk, high-payoff research. We’re entering an exciting new era where agents can redefine what AI makes possible. We’d love for you to join our lab and build it from the ground up! Key job responsibilities This role will lead a team of SDEs building AI agents infrastructure from launch to scale. The role requires the ability to span across ML/AI system architecture and infrastructure. You will work closely with application developers and scientists to have a impact on the Agentic AI industry. We're looking for a Software Development Manager who is energized by building high performance systems, making an impact and thrives in fast-paced, collaborative environments. About the team Check out the Nova Act tools our team built on on nova.amazon.com/act
US, WA, Seattle
MULTIPLE POSITIONS AVAILABLE Employer: AMAZON WEB SERVICES, INC. Offered Position: Applied Scientist III Job Location: Seattle, Washington Job Number: AMZ9674037 Position Responsibilities: Participate in the design, development, evaluation, deployment and updating of data-driven models and analytical solutions for machine learning (ML) and/or natural language (NL) applications. Develop and/or apply statistical modeling techniques (e.g. Bayesian models and deep neural networks), optimization methods, and other ML techniques to different applications in business and engineering. Routinely build and deploy ML models on available data, and run and analyze experiments in a production environment. Identify new opportunities for research in order to meet business goals. Research and implement novel ML and statistical approaches to add value to the business. Mentor junior engineers and scientists. Position Requirements: Master’s degree or foreign equivalent degree in Computer Science, Machine Learning, Engineering, or a related field and two years of research or work experience in the job offered, or as a Research Scientist, Research Assistant, Software Engineer, or a related occupation. Employer will accept a Bachelor’s degree or foreign equivalent degree in Computer Science, Machine Learning, Engineering, or a related field and five years of progressive post-baccalaureate research or work experience in the job offered or a related occupation as equivalent to the Master’s degree and two years of research or work experience. Must have one year of research or work experience in the following skill(s): (1) programming in Java, C++, Python, or equivalent programming language; and (2) conducting the analysis and development of various supervised and unsupervised machine learning models for moderately complex projects in business, science, or engineering. Amazon.com is an Equal Opportunity-Affirmative Action Employer – Minority / Female / Disability / Veteran / Gender Identity / Sexual Orientation. 40 hours / week, 8:00am-5:00pm, Salary Range $167,100/year to $226,100/year. Amazon is a total compensation company. Dependent on the position offered, equity, sign-on payments, and other forms of compensation may be provided as part of a total compensation package, in addition to a full range of medical, financial, and/or other benefits. For more information, visit: https://www.aboutamazon.com/workplace/employee-benefits.#0000
IN, KA, Bengaluru
Amazon Health Services (One Medical) About Us: At Health AI, we're revolutionizing healthcare delivery through innovative AI-enabled solutions. As part of Amazon Health Services and One Medical, we're on a mission to make quality healthcare more accessible while improving patient outcomes. Our work directly impacts millions of lives by empowering patients and enabling healthcare providers to deliver more meaningful care. Role Overview: We're seeking an Applied Scientist to join our dynamic team in building state of the art AI/ML solutions for healthcare. This role offers a unique opportunity to work at the intersection of artificial intelligence and healthcare, developing solutions that will shape the future of medical services delivery. Key job responsibilities • Lead end-to-end development of AI/ML solutions for Amazon Health organization, including Amazon Pharmacy and One Medical • Research, design, and implement state-of-the-art machine learning models, with a focus on Large Language Models (LLMs) and Visual Language Models (VLMs) • Optimize and fine-tune models for production deployment, including model distillation for improved latency • Drive scientific innovation while maintaining a strong focus on practical business outcomes • Collaborate with cross-functional teams to translate complex technical solutions into tangible customer benefits • Contribute to the broader Amazon Health scientific community and help shape our technical roadmap
US, MA, Boston
The Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) team is seeking a dedicated, skilled, and innovative Applied Scientist with a robust background in machine learning, statistics, quality assurance, auditing methodologies, and automated evaluation systems to ensure the highest standards of data quality, to build industry-leading technology with Large Language Models (LLMs) and multimodal systems. Key job responsibilities As part of the AGI team, an Applied Scientist will collaborate closely with core scientist team developing Amazon Nova models. They will lead the development of comprehensive quality strategies and auditing frameworks that safeguard the integrity of data collection workflows. This includes designing auditing strategies with detailed SOPs, quality metrics, and sampling methodologies that help Nova improve performances on benchmarks. The Applied Scientist will perform expert-level manual audits, conduct meta-audits to evaluate auditor performance, and provide targeted coaching to uplift overall quality capabilities. A critical aspect of this role involves developing and maintaining LLM-as-a-Judge systems, including designing judge architectures, creating evaluation rubrics, and building machine learning models for automated quality assessment. The Applied Scientist will also set up the configuration of data collection workflows and communicate quality feedback to stakeholders. An Applied Scientist will also have a direct impact on enhancing customer experiences through high-quality training and evaluation data that powers state-of-the-art LLM products and services. A day in the life An Applied Scientist with the AGI team will support quality solution design, conduct root cause analysis on data quality issues, research new auditing methodologies, and find innovative ways of optimizing data quality while setting examples for the team on quality assurance best practices and standards. Besides theoretical analysis and quality framework development, an Applied Scientist will also work closely with talented engineers, domain experts, and vendor teams to put quality strategies and automated judging systems into practice.
US, CA, Santa Clara
Amazon Quick Suite is an enterprise AI platform that transforms how organizations work with their data and knowledge. Combining generative AI-powered search, deep research capabilities, intelligent agents and automations, and comprehensive business intelligence, Quick Suite serves tens of thousands of users. Our platform processes thousands of queries monthly, helping teams make faster, data-driven decisions while maintaining enterprise-grade security and governance. From natural language interactions with complex datasets to automated workflows and custom AI agents, Quick Suite is redefining workplace productivity at unprecedented scale. We are seeking a Data Scientist II to join our Quick Data team, focusing on evaluation and benchmarking data development for Quick Suite features, with particular emphasis on Research and other generative AI capabilities. Our mission is to engineer high-quality datasets that are essential to the success of Amazon Quick Suite. From human evaluations and Responsible AI safeguards to Retrieval-Augmented Generation and beyond, our work ensures that Generative AI is enterprise-ready, safe, and effective for users at scale. As part of our diverse team—including data scientists, engineers, language engineers, linguists, and program managers—you will collaborate closely with science, engineering, and product teams. We are driven by customer obsession and a commitment to excellence. Key job responsibilities In this role, you will leverage data-centric AI principles to assess the impact of data on model performance and the broader machine learning pipeline. You will apply Generative AI techniques to evaluate how well our data represents human language and conduct experiments to measure downstream interactions. Specific responsibilities include: * Design and develop comprehensive evaluation and benchmarking datasets for Quick Suite AI-powered features * Leverage LLMs for synthetic data corpora generation; data evaluation and quality assessment using LLM-as-a-judge settings * Create ground truth datasets with high-quality question-answer pairs across diverse domains and use cases * Lead human annotation initiatives and model evaluation audits to ensure data quality and relevance * Develop and refine annotation guidelines and quality frameworks for evaluation tasks * Conduct statistical analysis to measure model performance, identify failure patterns, and guide improvement strategies * Collaborate with ML scientists and engineers to translate evaluation insights into actionable product improvements * Build scalable data pipelines and tools to support continuous evaluation and benchmarking efforts * Contribute to Responsible AI initiatives by developing safety and fairness evaluation datasets About the team Why AWS? Amazon Web Services (AWS) is the world’s most comprehensive and broadly adopted cloud platform. We pioneered cloud computing and never stopped innovating — that’s why customers from the most successful startups to Global 500 companies trust our robust suite of products and services to power their businesses. Inclusive Team Culture Here at AWS, it’s in our nature to learn and be curious. Our employee-led affinity groups foster a culture of inclusion that empower us to be proud of our differences. Ongoing events and learning experiences, including our Conversations on Race and Ethnicity (CORE) and AmazeCon conferences, inspire us to never stop embracing our uniqueness. Mentorship & Career Growth We’re continuously raising our performance bar as we strive to become Earth’s Best Employer. That’s why you’ll find endless knowledge-sharing, mentorship and other career-advancing resources here to help you develop into a better-rounded professional. Work/Life Balance We value work-life harmony. Achieving success at work should never come at the expense of sacrifices at home, which is why we strive for flexibility as part of our working culture. When we feel supported in the workplace and at home, there’s nothing we can’t achieve in the cloud. Hybrid Work We value innovation and recognize this sometimes requires uninterrupted time to focus on a build. We also value in-person collaboration and time spent face-to-face. Our team affords employees options to work in the office every day or in a flexible, hybrid work model near one of our U.S. Amazon offices.